Recent advance of resin-based composites with high thermal conductivity is reviewed through three sections: mechanism and model of thermal conductivity, materials classification and the influencing factors. According to the type of fillers, metal fillers, ceramic fillers, carbon fillers and hybrid fillers reinforced resin-based composites are listed respectively. In addition, the effects of matrix, fillers, interface and fabrication method on the thermal conductivity of composites are discussed. Finally, we look to the bright future of high thermal conductive resin-based composites.