This review summarizes recent progress on the application of elastomeric thermal-insulation materials under the extreme conditions of rocket flight.First，the paper outlines the critical role of such materials in the thermal protection of solid rocket motors and their capacity to withstand very high temperatures as well as erosion by high-pressure，high-velocity gas flows.Subsequently，the paper focuses on four representative matrix systems-nitrile butadiene rubber（NBR），ethylene-propylene-diene monomer（EPDM）rubber，silicone rubber，and thermoplastic polyurethane（TPU），and analyzes their modification strategies.These strategies include fiber reinforcement，synergistic nano-fillers and surface treatments，aimed at improving ablation resistance and mechanical properties.In parallel，the paper discusses carbon layer formation mechanisms and the influence of multiscale fillers on thermal-protection performance.Finally，the paper summarizes the challenges faced under extreme thermal loads （corresponding to surface temperatures 3 000 ℃），such as carbon layer spallation，interfacial debonding，and insufficient environmental sustainability.Future elastic thermal insulation materials will undergo continual innovation， aiming to enhance their performance in extreme environments and ensure the safety of rocket flights.