Reusable thermal protection materials with lightweight， high temperature resistance， high damage resistance， reuse， easy maintenance and other properties are key materials for air space shuttle aircraft， which affect the progressiveness， reliability， maintainability and economy of aircraft. This paper reviews the development history，research status and applications of several typical thermal protection materials，such as rigid ceramic tile， flexible insulation blanket， anti-oxidation C/C，C/SiC， TUFROC and etc.，which are widely used on fuselage， nose cap， leading edge and control surfaces of various aerospace vehicles. The damage and performance degradation behavior of typical thermal protection materials during high-temperature service is summarized， and a method for studying the reusable performance and life prediction of materials based on material damage is proposed. Finally， it is proposed that the development of high-performance and reusable thermal protection materials， the development of theoretical methods and standards for the reuse of thermal protection materials， and the establishment of a database of reusable thermal protection materials are the key directions that need to be focused on in this field in the future.