With China''s first lunar sample return and the successful completion of the Mars rover "Tianwen" mission， China''s deep space exploration has entered a new era. The current situation and development trend of deep space exploration in China is first analyzed， and then the deep space environments such as extreme temperature， strong solar electromagnetic radiation， strong particle radiation， dust and dust storms， acidic atmosphere and other environments were teased out， and the impact of deep space environments on deep space exploration tasks were summarized. The demand of aerospace materials and technologies for deep space exploration was reviewed such as the lightweight of materials and structures， efficient thermal management， reliable radiation protection and radiation resistance， sustainable energy supply， strong corrosion resistance， and good resistance to dust and dust storm damage， on-orbit assembly and manufacturing. Finally， the development directions of deep space exploration materials and processes which includ lightweight structural materials， high-efficiency thermal management materials， combined radiation protection and radiation-resistant materials， corrosion-resistant materials， dust-resistant materials， high-reliability energy materials， 3D printing/4D printing technology and etc. were suggested.