摘要
尼龙热塑性复合材料的制备方法主要有热熔预浸料法和原位聚合法。相较于原位聚合法,热熔预浸料方法制备其复合材料成本高、效率低。针对尼龙热塑性复合材料高效、低成本制造的迫切需求,本文以纤维增强尼龙6复合材料为研究对象,综述了原位聚合制备尼龙6热塑性复合材料的工艺方法的研究进展,主要的工艺方法包括浇注、离心与旋转、拉挤以及液体模塑成型,着重论述了该种热塑性复合材料液体模塑成型工艺方法,并对其发展方向进行了简述。
热塑性复合材料因其良好的抗冲击性、低成本、高制造效率、可重复回收等优异的特性,使其在航空、航天、机械工程等领域得到广泛的应
PA热塑性复合材料的制备方法主要有两种:第一种是热熔预浸料法(Pre-preg
本文就纤维增强尼龙6(PA-6)单体原位聚合获得热塑性复合材料的高效、低成本成型工艺方法进行综述,并对未来的发展进行展望。
浇注成型是热塑性和热固性复合材料原位聚合最为经典的成型方法之一,它可实现大尺寸构件的高效制造。在PA热塑性复合材料的成型技术中,浇注成型主要用于非连续纤维作为增强材料的复合材料构件制造。
浇注成型用于制造PA热塑性复合材料有两种方法:第一种方法是直接在模具上浇注,其过程见

第四步:冷却

第五步:脱模
图1 直接浇注获得PA热塑性复合材料工艺示意
Fig.1 Process diagram for directly casting PA thermoplastic composit

第三步:合模

第四步:脱模
图2 反应体系转移浇注获得PA热塑性复合材料工艺示意
Fig.2 Process schematic diagram of PA thermoplastic composite obtained by reaction system transfer castin



第一步:混合单体及填料 第二步:加入引发剂和活化剂 第三步:停止搅拌和氮气


第一步:混匀反应体系 第二步:浇注
浇注工艺可获得单一树脂基体的热塑性复合材
浇注工艺因操作方便,亦可获得混合树脂的复合材料,通过调节不同基体树脂的比例来调控复合材料最终的性
离心与旋转成型(CRM)也是针对短切纤维增强PA热塑性复合材料制造提出的工艺方法,该方法可便捷、高效地制备出回转结构的管状、车轮状及滑轮状的构

第四步:原位聚合

第五步:脱模
图3 离心与旋转成型工艺过程示意
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of centrifugal and rotary forming proces
BARHOUMI N



第一步:混匀反应性体系 第二步:浇注 第三步:旋转
PA热塑性复合材料成型工艺中的拉挤成型又称“反应注射拉挤成型”(TRI-pultrusion),该工艺方法可用于制造连续纤维增强的热塑性复合材料,PA热塑性复合材料拉挤成型的工艺过程见

图4 PA热塑性复合材料拉挤成型工艺过程示意
Fig.4 Schematic diagram of PA thermoplastic composite extrusion proces
连续增强纤维经展纱后经过预热通道,随后与双组分的反应性体系浸渍、预成型,反应体系在一定界面形状的成型模具上原位聚合,最后经过牵引,连续出模得到制品,该种用拉挤成型工艺得到的原位聚合热塑性复合材料是一种自动化的生产工艺方法,挤出的速度、挤出力、温度等工艺参数对复合材料性能有重要影
CHEN
热塑性 | 密度 /g·c | 转化率 /% | 黏均分子量 /g·mo | 数均分子量 /g·mo | 重均分子量 /g·mo | 分子量分布 宽度(Mw/Mn) | 齐聚物 比率/% | 拉伸强度 /MPa | 断裂延伸率/% | 弯曲强度 /MPa | 弯曲模量/GPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阴离子原位聚合PA-6 | 1.14 | 97.2 | 33 398 | 16 843 | 36 910 | 2.191 415 | 8.95 | 75.4 | 24.3 | 69.2 | 2.944 |
市售PA-6(中石化,YH3400) | 1.15 | 99.7 | 35 041 | 19 690 | 38 087 | 1.934 332 | 4.16 | 60.7 | 48.1 | 86.6 | 2.087 |

图5 拉挤成型的玻璃纤维增强聚合热塑性PA-6构
Fig.5 Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic PA-6 components fabricated by pultrusion proces

图6 拉挤成型的复合材料断面SEM
Fig.6 SEM image of the fracture surface of composite fabricated by pultrusion proces
EPPLE

图7 自制拉挤成型设
Fig.7 Equipment for pultrusio

图8 连续玻璃纤维增强热塑性PA-6复合材料构件和SEM
Fig.8 Continuous glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic PA-6 composite component and its SEM imag
热塑性树脂的黏度通常较大(0.1~10 kPa·s),大黏度使得树脂在原位聚合过程中较难完全浸渍纤维,这就是使得部分树脂在拉挤原位聚合过程中内部出现一定的富树脂或者空隙,降低了构件质量。一种拉挤用的热塑性预浸材料:丝束预浸带、分切预浸带
拉挤成型制备热塑性复合材料,因具有自动化程度高、制造效率高的特点,在工业上得到一定的应用。德国的Krauss Maffei公司联合Thomas Technick、Fraunchofer IGCV、Evonik和Covestro等公

图9 德国的Krauss Maffei等公司研发的iPul连续拉挤生产
Fig.9 The iPul continuous extrusion production line developed by German companies such as Krauss Maffe
液体模塑成型(LCM)工艺技术在热固树脂基复合材料的制造中较为成熟,在原位聚合热塑性复合材料成型中,液体模塑成型主要以织物作为增强材料,其工艺主要有三类:真空辅助树脂转移模塑(VARTM)、热塑性树脂转移模塑(T-RTM)、结构反应注射成型(SRIM)。
在热塑性复合材料成型中,真空辅助树脂转移模塑(VARTM)成型工艺过程是在密闭的环境中进行,两个分别装着单体和引发剂、单体和活化剂的反应罐在氮气保护下进入缓冲瓶进一步混合形成反应性体系,形成一个定量加料系统,在真空辅助下,反应性体系注入预先铺放好的增强材料中,反应性体系原位聚合得到热塑性复合材料构件,详细工艺过程见

图10 热塑性复合材料VARTM成型工艺示意
Fig.10 Schematic diagram of VARTM molding process for thermoplastic composit
注: A—氮气;B—定量加料系统;C—冷阱;D—真空泵;E—织物增强材料;F—真空袋;G—密封胶带;H—缓冲罐;I—单体和引发剂罐;K—单体和活化剂罐;L—预热的金属模具。
DONG

图11 VAN等制备PA6热塑复材VARTM工艺过程
Fig.11 Process diagram of PA-6 thermoplastic composite prepared by VAN et al using VARTM proces
注: (1)自制混料单元;(2)树脂缓冲装置;(3)模具和加热系统;(4)压力控制系统。

图12 VAN等用VARTM工艺制得的热塑性复合材料性
Fig.12 Properties of thermoplastic composite prepared by VAN et al using VARTM proces
YAN
热塑性树脂转移模塑(T-RTM)工艺与VARTM有相似之处,都依靠了真空辅助,但T-RTM与VARTM的定量加料系统、最终加压方式不同,T-RTM中单体和引发剂、单体和活化剂的两个系统并未像VARTM一样提前混合,而是各自进入管道中,在注入模腔前的混合头中混合,这三个系统组成了T-RTM的定量加料系统,避免了反应性体系的过早聚合;注入模腔后,T-RTM还可依靠外压对原位聚合的体系施加一定的压力,促进树脂的进一步流动。具体过程见

图13 热塑性复合材料T-RTM成型工艺流程图
Fig.13 Schematic diagram of T-RTM molding process for thermoplastic composit
注: A—氮气;B—定量加料系统;C—冷阱;D—真空泵;E—动态混合头;F—模架;G—金属模;H—增强材料;I—单体和引发剂罐;K—单体和活化剂罐。
LEE
与树脂转移模塑(RTM)成型工艺相比,结构反应注射成型(SRIM)相对较为简单,其工艺过程见

图14 结构反应注射成型SRIM工艺示意
Fig.14 Schematic diagram of SRIM process for structural reaction injection moldin
用SRIM工艺制备PA热塑性复合材料时,为了使树脂能够更好地流动和浸渍纤维增强材料,通常要求树脂的黏度低于1 Pa·
用SRIM工艺方法亦可制备优异综合性能的热塑性复合材料。OTAIGBE
尼龙6热塑性复合材料高效、低成本的制造工艺方法多样,依据构件的结构特点、体系要求选择适合的成型工艺方法。PA6热塑性复合材料原位聚合的研究已成为热点,未来可能的研究方向如下。
(1)建立合适的覆盖树脂流动、原位聚合、浸渍纤维等过程的仿真模型,创造性地指导并解决成型过程中出现的富树脂、纤维曲皱、阻聚等问题。
(2)结晶度对PA6热塑性复合材料的性能有重要影响,结合PA6热塑性复合材料的制造工艺过程,树脂的结晶模型、晶体增长等过程将得到更广泛的关注。
(3)除了本文所述成型工艺方法外,结合热塑性复合材料的可回收、可焊接性等特性进行梯度材料设计、3D打印、增材制造等新型的结构设计与工艺方法的研究。
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