摘要
航天装备面临着越来越严苛的热环境,对防热材料的性能要求不断提高。三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料是一种综合性能优异的烧蚀防热材料,并且得益于三维编织预制体的特殊结构而具有极佳的可设计性,能够实现防热-结构一体化要求,随着编织工艺和成型工艺的不断发展,三维编织碳/酚醛逐渐成为航天领域热防护系统理想的候选材料。本文从三维编织碳纤维预成型体、酚醛树脂基体、成型工艺、复合材料耐烧蚀性能四个方面总结了三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料的相关研究进展。
碳纤维增强酚醛树脂复合材料是一种理想的烧蚀型热防护材料,具有优异的力学和烧蚀性能,能够适应不同热流环境,现已被用于空天飞机、弹道导弹、飞船返回舱的热防护系统。低密度碳/酚醛材料的代表是PICA(Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator),由酚醛树脂浸渍短切碳纤维毡层合体制成,密度和热导率较低,曾被用于星尘号返回舱热防护结构。但弹道导弹面临的短时高热流热环境和气流冲刷环境对热防护材料提出了更高的防热和力学要求,三维编织碳/酚醛因其优异的力学、烧蚀性能和可设计性而成为理想的候选材料。
三维编织碳纤维织物是将连续纤维通过空间上的交叉编织形成的一体化结构,这种特殊结构使得三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料具有更优异的烧蚀性能和力学性能,能更好地维持烧蚀型
三维编织纤维预成型体技术发展于20世纪70年代,最早用于替代高温合金制备C/C复合材料飞机刹车片。三维编织复合材料具有优异的抗冲击性能和层间强度,是铺层结构的数倍或数十倍,因其更优异的力学性能和可设计性,很快被应用于航空、航天等领域。三维编织预制体的结构设计是影响复合材料性能最主要的因素。
碳纤维增强复合材料的一大优势就是可设计性,复合材料的性质与纤维的分布方式密切相关。碳纤维预制体的结构按照空间分布可以分为2D,2.5D和3D结构,如

图1 纤维预制体形
Fig.1 Classification of typical multidirectional textiles based on the dimension of preform structure
注: 1)2D织物:(a)平纹织物,(b)三轴织造布,(c)衬纱针织物,(d)二维三轴编织织物;2)2.5D织物:(e)层间角联织物,(f)层间角联衬纱织物;3)3D织物:(g)三维正交机织物,(h)三维编织织物,(i)三维细编穿刺。
2.5D预制体结构通过经纱穿插相邻两层纬纱在厚度方向形成互锁结构,使多层纤维成为一个整体纤维结
三维编织根据织物内部纱线的方向个数可以分为三维四向、三维五向、三维六向和三维七向编织。如

图2 三维编织结构示意
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of 3D braided structur

图3 三维六向编织织物表面结构示意
Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the surface structure of three-dimensional six-directional braided fabri
三维编织技术已经能够实现自动化成型,如


图4 二维编织机与三维编织
Fig.4 2D braiding machine and 3D braiding machin
随着航天装备气动外形愈加复杂,防热套整体性的优势也逐渐显现。对称、变厚度、大尺寸整体编织预成型体,将成为三维编织的未来发展方向。同时,针对外形结构复杂的预制体需要建立相应的编织质量评价方法,确保预制体编制质量的可靠性。
与平面层合板相比,三维编织预成型体牺牲了面内力学性能,换取更优异的层间性能、抗冲击性能和剪切性能,更适合复杂型面结构和具有承载要求的连接结构件的制
三维编织复合材料的力学性能呈现出非常明显的各向异性。三维编织织物结构和编织角对力学性能影响极大。张迪
同时编织过程一定会对纤维造成损伤,其损伤程度与编织复杂程度相关。在张迪
文献[
李典
三维编织复合材料具有优异的冲击性能。在高应变速率拉伸测试中,与机织和针织预制体相比,三维编织复合材料具有最高的破坏应力和应
总的说来,与二维预制体相比,三维编织复合材料力学性能的可设计性更强,但各方向性能关联程度也更大,在织物结构设计时应予以更多的关注。
三维编织碳/酚醛材料多作为烧蚀防热材料,热物理性能的优劣十分重
夏
目前已有大量研究探索不同的碳纤维编织结构对复合材料性能的影响,在这些研究的基础上,可以根据结构件的受力环境和热环境对三维编织预制体的编织方式、编织角、纤维体积分数等参数进行相应设
对于导弹端头、航天飞行器再入舱外表面、火箭发动机喷管等高热流、高焓值环境下的结构,烧蚀防热几乎是唯一可行的防热方法。酚醛树脂结构中芳环数量多,分子链之间存在较高的内聚力,因此体现出显著的耐热性和抗氧化
酚醛树脂烧蚀过程中可以分为四层:烧蚀层、碳化层、裂解层和原始材料层,如

图5 烧蚀材料烧蚀过程机理
Fig.5 Mechanism diagram of ablation process of ablative material
酚醛树脂的性能直接决定了复合材料的耐烧蚀性能和力学性能,其中酚醛树脂的成炭特性直接决定了烧蚀后成炭率的高低和碳化层的坚硬程度,可以用树脂残碳率来表征静态条件下树脂的烧蚀性能好
在酚醛树脂分子链中引入结构稳定的芳杂环结构,可以提高酚醛树脂的耐热性。可引入的芳杂环结构主要包括酚类(邻苯基苯酚、间苯二酚
通过在酚醛树脂分子链上引入金属或无机非金属原子可以生成高键能的化学键,或者使材料在使用过程中原位生成耐高温、抗氧化的陶瓷类物质可以提高树脂基体的耐热性和成碳率,常使用的改性酚醛种类包括硼改性酚醛树
为了进一步改善基体耐烧蚀性能,在酚醛树脂中添加颗粒填料,可以快速提高树脂基体性能。常见的树脂填料包括氧化石墨
复合材料成型主要可以采用模压成型、缠绕成型、拉挤成型、热压罐工艺和液体成型工艺等,需要根据增强材料形式和制件结构特点选择合适的工艺成型。三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料可以通过编织结构的设计实现复杂结构的净尺寸整体成型,适合采用液体成型工艺。
传统碳/酚醛大面积防热层常使用布带缠绕成型,制件层间性能差,为了提高抗冲刷能力往往需要增加防热层厚
三维编织碳纤维预制体作为增强体可以提高防热材料层间性能,一般采用液体树脂成型工艺,如树脂传递模塑(RTM)和真空辅助树脂传递模塑工艺(VARTM),这些工艺制备周期短,成本较
在航天领域,RTM和VARTM工艺可以用于制备结构复杂的弹头、弹翼、火箭发动机壳体和其他防热烧蚀部件等,如米诺陶Ⅳ运载火箭外
酚醛树脂常温下黏度较低,适合采用液体成型工艺,但酚醛树脂固化过程中羟甲基发生缩合反应会产生小分子水分,水分残留在制件中形成缺陷将影响制件的力学性能,因此固化过程中第一阶段的预固化温度一般在100 ℃以下,防止水分快速挥发形成孔
SLADE
随着三维编织构件的尺寸逐渐增大,对于注射过程的模拟仿真尤为重要。攻关仿真不仅可以避免制件中可能的缺陷,同时可以极大地提高大尺寸构件的注射成型效率。此外,可以通过仿真模拟流动填充顺序控制,部分解决非对称结构非均匀收缩产生残余应力对制件的影响。
三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料的烧蚀性能水平,体现了研究单位的防热技术水平,一般作为重要技术秘密严加保护,因此关于三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料抗烧蚀性能的公开研究数据较少。ZHANG
姚承照
北京机电工程总体设计部研究了5种不同编织参数的三维五向织物与12种改性酚醛树脂对三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料烧蚀性能的影响,复合材料通过RTM成型并进行风洞考核。研究发现三维五向编织织物的编织密度越大,基体碳化层更不容易被剥蚀,烧蚀性能更好,优选组合的线烧蚀率约为0.25 mm/s。
航天装备高焓值、高热流、强气流冲刷的极端热环境,需要三维编织碳/酚醛材料的防护,目前和未来较长的一段时间内无法被替代,但目前针对性的研究不多。随着材料精细化设计的需求不断提高,对三维编织碳/酚醛复合材料的发展也提出了新的要求:
(1)航天领域热防护结构多体现对称、变厚度、大尺寸的特点,针对复杂外形结构的三维编织预制体结构设计与评估、大尺寸整体编织技术、三维编织预制体自动化成型等方面会有较强的研究需要;
(2)酚醛树脂基体的耐烧蚀改性目前已经比较成熟,但改性酚醛树脂与三维编织复合材料液体成型工艺的适配性研究亟待开展,尤其是解决高颗粒填充量改性基体在高纤维体积分数防热复合材料液体成型中应用的问题;
(3)在成型工艺方面,随着制件尺寸和复杂度的提高,需要加强仿真在成型工艺设计中的应用,同时RTM快速成型方法也需要开展相应的研究工作;
(4)在复合材料耐烧蚀性能方面,需要加强对烧蚀机理和复合材料结构-性能关联规律的研究,为材料设计提供数据支撑。
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