摘要
纤维增强树脂基复合材料因其比强度比模量高、阻尼减振性能优异等优点已成为航空航天领域重要的结构材料。混杂化是实现复合材料结构承载与阻尼性能一体化的有效途径。本文以近十年结构阻尼混杂复合材料研究为基础,从微纳颗粒混杂、层内编织混杂、层间铺层混杂和插层结构混杂四个方面对结构阻尼混杂复合材料的阻尼减振性能进行了详细分析。指出了结构阻尼混杂复合材料在阻尼减振领域应用存在的问题并给出了建议。
纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有比强度比模量高、可设计性好、易于实现结构功能一体化等优势已经在航空航天领域得到广泛应
目前常用阻尼减振方法包含主动式与被动式两
通过组分及结构混杂,发挥混杂复合材料不同组分之间的协同作用,辅以合理的结构设计可规避各组分材料弱点,实现复合材料结构承载和阻尼减振性能的最优
微纳颗粒具有比表面积大的特点,其均匀分散到树脂基体所形成的界面可有效耗散振动能量,提高复合材料阻尼减振特性。目前常用微纳颗粒有碳纳米管、石墨烯及纳米黏土、纳米二氧化硅等无机填料。
RASANA

图1 多壁碳纳米管在聚丙烯基体中分布及其分别与纤维、树脂基体相互作用示意
Fig.1 Schematic of MWCNTs dispersion and the interaction with polypropylene (PP) matrix and glass fiber,respectivel
KIM
RAJINI
ALSAADI
由于不同纳米颗粒对复合材料阻尼及力学承载性能影响存在差异,采用刚度增强效果较好和阻尼性能提升较大的填料混配使用可同时提高混杂复合材料的阻尼和力学承载性能。例如文献[
总之,当纳米颗粒添加到树脂基体中后,在小应变情况下纳米颗粒间的摩擦作用是体系能量耗散的主要方式,此时阻尼性能随着纳米颗粒含量增加而提高。当应变量足够大超过纳米颗粒与树脂基体间滑移应变阈值时,纳米颗粒与树脂基体间、纳米颗粒之间的滑移摩擦作用均会对阻尼性能起重要影响。此外在载荷方向上纳米颗粒引起的基体局部应力集中乃至基体撕裂也是纳米复合材料能量阻尼耗散的重要方
尽管在树脂基体中混杂微纳颗粒较为简单易行,但随着微纳颗粒含量增加,树脂黏度迅速升高加剧了树脂对纤维浸渗的难度,易产生孔隙、分层等缺陷。高含量纳米颗粒造成团聚是复合材料体系潜在的应力集中点。这些都会影响复合材料的力学承载能力。因此通过合理控制和优化,在影响复合材料阻尼特性的关键位置(如纤维/树脂界面)有针对性的施加高含量非团聚微纳颗粒显得尤为重要。
现阶段在纤维表面“生长”或涂覆微纳结构的方法得到了众多学者的关注。MOHAMMAD

图2 碳纤维表面“生长”氧化锌纳米线阵列示意图及低、中、高长径比氧化锌纳米线实物
Fig.2 Schematic of aligned ZnO nanowires in carbon fibers and micrographs of ZnO nanowires with low, intermediate and high aspect ratio
为避免气相沉积生长碳纳米管过程中高温对碳纤维性能损伤,TEHRANI
纤维内部结构差异、织物编织形式不同、经纬向纱线线密度、加捻与否等都会影响复合材料阻尼特性。织物内部经纬向分别采用不同种类纤维纱混杂编织发挥不同纤维吸能减振优势是实现混杂复合材料阻尼性能提高的重要手段。由于植物纤维具有多层级内部结构、吸能减振性能较好的特点,众多学者对传统无机或有机纤维与绿色环保植物纤维之间混编织物复合材料阻尼性能展开了研究。
ALLE
在芳纶纤维/玻璃纤
在铺层角度方面,BEN等研究表明[F2/C]S和[F/C2]S(F:亚麻纤维,C:碳纤维)铺层混杂复合材料在铺层角度为75°时有最大损耗因子,而[C2/F]S和[C/F2]S铺层在45°时有最大损耗因
从铺层顺序看,当亚麻纤维置于碳纤维/亚麻纤维混杂铺层表面时,阻尼性能有最大值,但力学承载性能有较大幅度降
成型工艺参数及材料老化处理也是决定铺层混杂复合材料动态力学特性的关键因素。ASHWORTH
区别于传统约束阻尼在刚性结构表面贴覆黏弹性约束层,在复合材料铺层中插入橡胶等黏弹性材料、纳米织物和碳纳米管薄层等高阻尼插层是实现结构阻尼一体化的重要方式。
ASSARAR
GARCI
LI

图3 碳纳米管膜扫描电镜表面形貌图及2和25 μm厚碳纳米管膜/碳纤维混杂复合材料示意
Fig.3 Scanning electron microscope image of CNT film and schematic of hybrid carbon fiber composites with 2 μm ultrathin and 25 μm thick CNT fil
为提高微纳混杂复合材料体系阻尼特性,在树脂基体中添加高含量微纳颗粒时易造成树脂黏度升高,工艺适用性下降,导致纤维树脂界面浸渍不良,局部产生孔隙或脱粘分层等缺陷。而微纳颗粒高比表面积引起的团聚效应也是诱发材料失效破坏的薄弱环节。这都不利于提高微纳混杂复合材料体系的整体性能。纤维表面“生长”微纳结构所存在的设备投资大、微观结构控制技术要求高、效率较低等问题也是阻碍大批量应用的难点。因此实现低成本高效率高含量微纳颗粒在基体树脂中的分散、提高局部微纳结构的可设计性和制造的可达性是微纳颗粒混杂复合材料工程化应用需要解决的重要问题。
在结构阻尼混杂复合材料体系中,受各组分材料表面特性差异的影响,与同一树脂体系的粘结强度存在不同。例如芳纶纤维表面惰性较大与树脂亲和力较弱,植物纤维亲水性表面与传统树脂体系疏水性的矛盾,黏弹性插层与树脂的粘结较弱的问题。这就要求在树脂开发选用时需充分考虑其与混杂体系中不同组分的相容性。避免不良界面对混杂复合材料综合性能的负面影响。
复合材料结构在实际服役过程中往往要经历高低温极端温度、潮湿环境循环变化等湿热冲击及周期性疲劳载荷作用等复杂工况条件。目前结构阻尼一体化混杂复合材料的研究还处在实验验证阶段,缺乏真实服役状态下性能数据的积累和性能考核验证。因此有必要开展从材料、元件到构件的多级评价验证工作,确保混杂复合材料体系使用的可靠性。
相信随着设计水平的提高、材料综合性能的进步、可靠性评价验证体系的完善,结构阻尼一体化混杂复合材料必将得到更多的应用。
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