The continuous development of China''s aerospace industry has put forward higher requirements for spacecraft thermal protection materials. Aerogel， as a nano-network porous material， has super thermal insulation performance due to its nano-scale effect， and is a hot spot and frontier of research on super thermal insulation materials in recent years. This paper reviews the research progress of aerogel thermal insulation materials in the past ten years， including inorganic oxide aerogel， organic aerogel， carbon aerogel and carbide aerogel thermal insulation materials， as well as their preparation methods， thermal insulation performance and current status of thermal protection applications， and proposes the future development of aerogel thermal insulation materials in the light of the current demands in the aerospace field and the difficult problems of aerogel thermal insulation materials research. The paper presents the future development of aerogel thermal insulation materials， taking into account the current needs of the aerospace industry and the difficulties of aerogel thermal insulation materials.